ielts Essays - Photo Sharing, Social Networking Services, Instagram

technology has brought numerous benefits to our lives and societies.IT has shaped our lives and the way people move in the society.- They have money, youth, ample amounts of free time and now a bit of fame. So what's next for the much maligned people featured on the hit site Rich Kids of Instagram? Some are grounded from over-sharing on the Internet, others embarrassed by the attention and some might be heading for TV. The Tumblr blog sprung to life on July 13 and was an instant hit. It is a collection of photos found on Instagram that capture young wealthy people enjoying a life of minimally employed opulence: They're on lavish vacations, taking the most expensive modes of transportation, showing off designer belongings and doing all manner of things with and to champagne. Mixed in with the fun (seriously, who wouldn't want to water-slide off a yacht?) are less creative attempts to brag, like sepia-shaded photos of exorbitant restaurant receipts. "A few glasses of wine and some misspelled Instagram searches led to its creation," the anonymous brains behind Rich Kids of Instagram, or RKOI, told CNN. Many of the images featured on the Tumblr were tagged with keywords on Instagram that made them easy to find, like #wealth, #mansion and #yacht. There's a Hilton, a Trump and a Brant in the mix, but many of the smartphone-photography enthusiasts are relatively unknown, for now. Tony Hawk fights crime with Instagram While the reaction to the Tumblr has been largely one of disgust and anger -- "Pretty sad how those Rich Kids of Instagram will never know the value of a hard days OH MY GOD I HATE THEM SO MUCH," tweeted Josh Hara -- some of the kids are enjoying the attention. The blog's creators said they've had requests from people who want to be featured on the site. Many Instagramers are unselfconsciously tagging their photos with the #rkoi hashtag, hoping to get featured on the blog. "I believe that the people who are outraged may be a little jealous," said Tom Ierna, a 19-year-old self-described "entrepreneur, New Yorker, blogger, mogul." Ierna's photos have been featured on RKOI multiple times -- one shows him in front of a large yacht in the Hamptons and another is an image of a Versace gold-plated AK47. (He does not own the gun; he just snapped a photo of it in an East Hampton boutique.) The public's fascination with these kids has not gone unnoticed by Hollywood, where wealthy personalities are a huge draw on shows like "Keeping up with the Kardashians" and the "Real Housewives" series. Naturally, a reality TV casting agent has been reaching out to many of the blog's subjects. "They seem to have huge personalities and would be amazing on TV," said Lexi Shoemaker, a casting agent who has worked on hits like "The Biggest Loser" and Bravo's "Tabatha's Salon Takeover." She would not share any details about her current project, but said the kids she had contacted had been receptive so far. "I would consider doing a reality show, it would be a very smart business decision," said Ierna, who said he has been offered a spot on a reality TV show in the past but turned it down. He did not say if he was contacted by Shoemaker.

Issues In Ethical Hacking And Penetration Testing Information Technology Essay Essays

Issues In Ethical Hacking And Penetration Testing Information Technology Essay Essays Issues In Ethical Hacking And Penetration Testing Information Technology Essay Paper Issues In Ethical Hacking And Penetration Testing Information Technology Essay Paper In this fast turning concern universe the growing of Information Technology is sky-scraping. Information is a concern plus, therefore it is really of import to protect the Business Intelligence and the confidential information. It may protect its handiness, privateness and unity. Information Security is more than protecting computing machine informations security ; it is the procedure of protecting the rational belongings of an organisation which engages with Network Security. The handiness of entree to stored information onA serverA databases has increased to a great extent. Most of the companies store their concern and single information on their computing machine than of all time before. Many concerns are entirely stand on information stored in their information centres. Personal staff inside informations, client lists, wages, bank history inside informations, selling, gross revenues information and more significantly their research and development secret formula or selling schemes may all be stored on a database. If they lack this information, it would straight impact the concern operations. Therefore powerful Information security systems needed to be executed to protect this information. The biggest menace to concerns may be the people who make a life fromA hackingA or transgressing through information security systems. By utilizing their technological accomplishments, they are courageous plenty to interrupt into computing machine system and entree secured information. Hackers can even turn your place computing machine into a bomb ( Randy Jefferies, 2005 ) . Firewalls, which are intended to forestall entree to a computing machine web, can be easy bypassed by aA black chapeau viz. a hacker with the right tools and accomplishments. The breach can ensue a heavy loss of important information, or a virus could be planted and cancel all secured information as an interloper. So that is why Information Security Professionals plays a huge function in this Business Industry, because of this, there is an of import place for ethical hackers, who can support and protect the organisation against cybercriminals and even they are capable of perforating their ain system for the testing intents.When the inquiry arise that, is choping really bad? Or is it possibleA that there are times when hacking can be seen as good? Before addressingA these scenarios, the term hackers and moralss demands to be defined. So this is where ethical hacker comes in. Ethical Hacking and Penetration Testing Ethical Hacking can be defined as choping a web or a system to seek and prove exposures that a hacker could work and take advantage of the system. This implies, making it for the improvement of the house. This procedure is done to procure and support the system from cybercriminals known as black chapeaus with a lawfully authorised manner. The people who involve in ethical hacking are called as white chapeaus who are professionally trained security experts. Most of the houses employ one these White Hats to protect their information systems whilst some house s hires. The Computer offense is where the computing machine isA the topographic point of the offense and the condemnable activities can run fromA fraud, larceny, and counterfeit. Businesss who try to near the problemA have independent computing machine security professionals who attempt to breakA into the computing machine systems and penetrate as mentioned above. Both of these people, crackers andA professionals are ethical hackers, but they have different moralss. Negative observation of hacking, When is choping bad? In recent intelligence, a certain hacker who claims to beA known as Gwerdna hacked into a Mac computing machine, He even made remarks onA how easy it was for him to chop into the security and he has stated to interrupt into that library machine he merely took 10 proceedingss. ( Micheal Harvey, 2006 ) . The term Ethical Hacking can be addressed as incursion proving. This is a method of measuring the web or computing machine system by imitating an onslaught from a malicious beginning, a White Hat Hacker but act as a Black Hat Hacker ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) . These ethical hackers use these methods which can be identified and clarified as malicious package s viz. Buffer Overflow, Logic Bomb, Parasite, Sniffer, Spoof, Trojan Horse, Virus, Worms. Importance and Benefits of Ethical Hacking As mentioned above the ground for carry oning an ethical drudge, evidently, is to maintain information assets secure. One study conducted by Rick Blum, stated that It ( ethical hacking ) is really of import and helps salvage you money and repute in the long tally. ( Rick Blum, 2009 ) .Network testing is the most of import type of ethical drudge, because it is obvious the hacker can easy interrupt the firewall and acquire into the web. So web should be extremely secured. That s a ground why it is considered as a really of import fact for organisation because of the lifting cyber offense rates and the high growing of cyber felons. Since computing machine engineering has developed, the offense rates besides increased. The rational hackers have made mass devastations and losingss for many companies and they have damaged their database and leaked information. Had exploited the trade name image of most of the houses and damaged their trust on their patronage. Hackers have transferred 1000000s of dollars without any consciousness of the Bankss and their engagement. Even hacked into constabulary section s exigency aid desks. For illustration a group of hackers called Vandals hacked the New York City Police Departments voice- mail system and replaced the usual polite proclamations with You have reached the New York City Police Department. For any existent exigencies, dial 119.Anyone else we re a small busy right now eating some doughnuts and holding java. It continued You can merely keep the line. We ll acquire back to you.We re small slow, if you know what I mean. Thank You . The bogus messages continued for 12 hours before they were investigated and corrected by ethical hackers ( Donald Pimkins, 2000 ) Some clip ethical hacking will non uncover exposures of a web or a system. But there are a figure of effect benefits that can be derived from an ethical hacking procedure. The image below will give a clear thought of what are the benefits available in this procedure and how it can be prioritized. Referee: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.isaca.org/Images/journal/jrnlv2-06-red-teams-audit-tool-2.jpg The size of the menace depends on the type of the concern and how its tantrums with hacker s motivations. Therefore to forestall these sorts of issues and menaces in future houses employ ethical hackers. The term moralss will be clearly structured in the undermentioned paragraphs with the support of ethical rules, ethical issues, ethical quandary and ethical theories. Business Ethical motives Harmonizing to the survey Business moralss can be defined as a signifier of applied moralss that examine ethical rules and moral or ethical jobs that occur in a concern environment ( Gwendolyn Cuizon, 2009 ) . Many concerns have gained a bad repute merely by being in concern. By non being stick to concern moralss policy houses may fall in problem, if a concern is damaged by an ethical catastrophe it affects the underside line which implies net income. It is agreed that IT systems are put in topographic point to back up the strategic planes of an organisation which would be in lined with concern moralss. So that is why organisations see moralss as, a conveying competitory border to their concern. In my point of position in concern, the perspective position of stakeholders are different, they see there s what s illegal, what s legal but unethical, ethical but against company policy, non against policy but non in the client s best involvements, and eventually what s non truly opposite to the client s best involvements but is nt truly traveling to profit them furthermore. Which can be understood by the below image. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gryphonshafer.com/blog/2008/08/business_ethics.png Ethical Principles and Ethical Issues Ethical rules can be defined as the foundation of ethical behaviour. An ethical rule arrives from the societal Context, from spiritual beliefs, and from ethical theory. These ethical rules can applied to computing machine engineerings that have an impact on people s day-to-day lives where they interacts in authorities, in instruction, at work, at drama land and exercise ) ( Penny Duquenoy, 2010 ) Some general ethical rules can be listed as Respecting others See others as equal Keep promises Respect the belongings of others Act candidly The rules can be addressed as below which relevant to Information Systems professionals and related engineerings officers. The Royal Academy of Engineering, in coaction with Engineering Council ( UK ) and a figure of the taking professional technology establishments, has developed a Statement of Ethical Principles to which it believes all professional applied scientists and Information Professionals should follow. aˆ? Accuracy and Rigor aˆ? Honesty and Integrity aˆ? Respect for Life, Law and the Public Good aˆ? Responsible Leadership: Listening and Informing ( Engineering Ethical motives, 2007 ) Ethical issues can be addressed as whatever threatens or interrupt an ethical rule is an ethical issue. For illustration ethical rule Respect the belongings of others Ethical Issue Hack person s computing machine without their permission and steal information and destroy it by directing a virus or a worm So by understanding this illustration an ethical issue can be clearly understood. And to measure these sorts of ethical issues in different positions ethical theories should be applied. Ethical Theories As discussed above an ethical issue can be identified and evaluated by utilizing ethical theories.These theories can be used as tools for doing ethical determinations, and they may besides helpful in supplying a footing for critical thought. An issue can be taken in different positions and formed sentiments with helpful of ethical theories. There are two chief ethical theories, Kantianism Consequentialism Kantianism The Kants theory can be defined summarized without traveling in deep. Kant says that how we behave ethically comes from within us, and the things that we decide are good or bad are based on whether we could conceive of everyone making them. ( Immanuel Kant ) So for illustration, it would be logically conflicting to state that interrupting a promise is good because if everyone broke their promises there would be a loss of trust in promises, and the whole nature of a promise would be lost. Therefore, he says, that certain things can non be universalized which means they would non work if everyone did them, and those things are incorrect. Examples are: killing others, lying, stealing, interrupting promises. Furthermore, in Kant s point of position, things that we view as wrong are basically incorrect that is, they are ever incorrect and there is neer any ground state of affairs where they would be right. This conflicts straight with the theory of consequentialism, which will be addressed following. Consequentialism Consequentialism theory can be defined as, a theory which deals with effects of actions instead than the actions themselves.So, and for illustration, it could be argued that stealing could sometimes be the right action to take provided the result is for the good . Theory says that a good result is that which brings the greatest benefit to the greatest figure of people . Therefore larceny, for illustration, is a morally acceptable act if it brings greater benefit to the greatest figure. For illustration, if a male monarch has a warehouse full of nutrient when most of the people in the state are hungering. In this case stealing the nutrient to administer it to the starvation people would be the right thing to make. So by this act a great figure of people get benefited. So in this instance harmonizing to consequentialism theory stealing is non bad while it to the full contradicts with Kantians theory. Ethical Dilemmas Ethical quandary can be addressed as moral quandary. An ethical quandary is a state of affairs where in moral rule or ethical duties conflict in such a manner as to do any possible declaration to the quandary morally unbearable. In other words, an ethical quandary is any state of affairs in which steering moral rules can non find which class of action is right or incorrect. Can simplified as you will hold issue and you will hold a solution which will take you to an unethical manner. ( Lee Flamand, 2007 ) . Ethical, Legal, Professional, Social and Cultural Issues in Ethical Hacking When we discuss about ethical hacking there are many issues which can be listed, which will originate in many fortunes. For measuring these issues and come up with a good solution or sentiments the above discussed, structured ethical rules and ethical theories can be taken off. This will evidently give a clear image to the reader. In this survey for farther more analysis two of import incidents will be assessed by me utilizing the both ethical theories. A Dutch hacker who copied patient files from a University of Washington medical centre ( and was non caught ) said in an online interview that he did it to publicise the system s exposure non to utilize the information. He disclosed parts of the files to a journalist after the medical centre said that no patient files had been copied. ( Sara Baase, A Gift of Fire, 2003. ) If we critically measure the above scenario, it is obvious that the hacker has committed a cyber offense and he should be punished harmonizing to the Kantianism theory which tells some actions are ever incorrect . Even though the Dutch hacker did nt misused the copied files he has break into the web and penetrated it. So it s ethically incorrect when we see in the position of Kant s theory. But if we evaluate this utilizing Consequentialism theory it will wholly belie with Kantianism theory. Though the hacker was non acquire caught he has came to an online interview to denote that there is exposure in University of Washington s medical Centre s web which can be easy attacked. So this good behaviour of the hacker shows that he has came to this determination refering about the improvement of the patients. which direct the theory an action is good If the effects bring greatest benefit to figure of people .If he has published all the copied files through the cyberspace the both parti es will be acquire affected, the patients and the University. The files may incorporate confidential information of patients and which they neer want to expose. So although this act can be identified as ethically right whilst its lawfully incorrect. Therefore by this action the Medical Centre gets a opportunity to procure and support their systems from future onslaughts. But a harmonizing to the statement A solution to an ethical issue can raise another issue Anonymous. May be this act is ethically right harmonizing to the theory of Consequentialism. But what if the hacker found some medical information about his friend? Which information is a kept secret? What if he tells him? What if the friends get to cognize that his confidential medical information has got leaked through the cyberspace? These sorts of issues can originate which will sometimes take into an ethical quandary. If we move to the following instance which is, A 17 twelvemonth old hacker know as YTcracker, who penetrated several authorities and military web sites ( including those properties to the Bureau of Land Management s National Training Center, NASA s Goddard Space Flight Center and the Defense Contracts Audit Agency ) said he routinely sends messages to authorities web site decision makers take a firm standing that they address exposures and follow Unix or other more unafraid systems can be penetrated, but the messages mostly go neglected. YTcracker said in his disfigurement of web site he targeted systems the authorities would look at and take earnestly and procure it. ( Federal Computer Week, 1999 ) Though this instance is Similar to the above discussed one, it provides a different thought. The hacker who has penetrated all these sites called YTcracker has merely one purpose that is to alarm and advise the authorities organisations to protect their valuable information s, Which can be easy breached and gained entree. If critically measure this instance harmonizing to the Kantianism theory. The act of YTcracker is ethically incorrect as it threatens the ethical rules go beyond the theory. But harmonizing to the point of Consequentialism theory the act is ethical. Because the hacker has nt done any harm to the authorities organisations utilizing their web sites. He has merely warned and notified them to do them more secured. So greater sum of people gets benefited, because there are most sensitive information s are available in authorities sites such as National Security, Military and NASA. So if the hacker leaks the information from their databases what will go on there are would be a immense job for the US authorities. But both of these incidents are illegal harmonizing to the Computer Misuse Act 1990 even they are ethical harmonizing to the theories. Because the hackers have offended unauthorised entree to computing machine stuff ( Misuse Act 1990 ) Ethical Concerns and Professional Issues When implementing an ethical drudge in an organisation there are ethical issues which engages with information systems professionals can be addressed as, Ethical Hackers have to interrupt the organisations security policy and processs. Violating the codification of behavior. Privacy of the employer and employees Secret Business scheme, Marketing Strategy and merchandise formula escape If we further analyze above ethical issues a inquiry may originate, Does ethical hacking is ethical? Before address the issues, we are tend to happen a solution for the above inquiry so if, we evaluate the inquiry by seting into Kantianism theory somehow its interrupting the regulations and ordinance, braking the houses security policies and processs, perforating the codification of behavior. So this act of ethical hacking can can non be ethical. Even though the professional hackers do it legally it can be unethical, Harmonizing to Kant s point of position. Sing with position point of consequentialism theory this procedure can be identified as ethically right, because it s all done for the improvement of the organisation. So there is no manner of knocking it. Firms do these to seek the exposures and support the full web there should be a testing process. So this can be taken as that. In this point of position we can make up ones mind it s all ethically correct, even though they break their ain codification of behavior. As information systems professionals point of position ethical hacking can be identified as a complete muss. Because they have to lodge to a codification of behavior. Then merely they are professionals. But when they are being forced to go against these footings when they involve in incursion trials there are in problem as professionals. Therefore as professionals who are expected to follow with local Torahs, sometimes they may hold to measure and measure ethical and legal issues against their forces values. There can be privacy invasion takes topographic point when they do a ethical drudge. Most of the houses hire an ethical since they do nt use one. So when he perforate their systems and web he can acquire whatever the information he needs from the organisations databases and webs. All confidential employee and spouse paperss and information can be seen. The ethical hacker is able to see all the weak points of the firewall. If the ethical hacker is non a professional he may assail the organisation subsequently when he needs. Or he will be a large menace. So these issues may originate. And even the secret selling and concern scheme of a taking company leaks the hacker can sell it for the rivals. So this would be a menace for some houses to carry on and incursions test utilizing an Legal Issues and Laws When sing about legal facets, the issues which was discussed in the above paragraphs can be brought up since it involves legal issues. Even though those incidents were ethical, it s wholly illegal, because it breaks the Computer Misuse Act 1990. This Act will be clearly discussed below, The Computer Misuse Act 1990 TheA Computer Misuse Act 1990A is an Act of theA UK Parliament. The Bill finally became the Computer Misuse Act in August 1990.The Act introduced three new condemnable offenses: Unauthorized entree to computing machine stuff Unauthorized entree to computing machine stuff with the purpose to perpetrate or ease committee of farther offenses Unauthorized alteration of computing machine stuff. ( Statuelaw, 1990 ) What if an ethical hacker pretends to be an inside interloper? He who knows the full web and secrets of a company. So he can easy damage and destruct the full information system. When these state of affairss occur harmonizing to the abuse act legal issues can be identified. For an illustration a disgruntled computing machine technician at Reuters in Hong Kong detonated logic bombs at five investment-bank clients, doing 36 hours of downtime in webs supplying market information crucial for trading. The Bankss switched instantly to alternative services and reported no important effects on their work ; nevertheless, Reuters was profoundly embarrassed by the incident ( Financial Times Limited, November 1996 ) so looking into these factors the organisation should be to the full cognizant of these sorts of menace which can be aroused. Sometimes Internal political relations may coerce the ethical hacker to do immense losingss for the house. When they employ for and public company. There are so many people in a manager board. So what if the ethical hacker gets an order from higher direction to works a logic bomb or make a parasite for of import information of the house and put the incrimination on another individual. For the ethical hacker this occupation is non that much hard. Even they may inquire him to steal other companies confidential paperss. This might do legal issues which will wholly damage the house s repute. These sorts of issues can originate without the consciousness of the direction. Social and Cultural Concerns It is agreed that in concern moralss there are tonss of issues as deeply addressed in above paragraphs and societal and cultural issues can besides identified as one of them. Social issues are about to impact on the society. IT depends on the society s reaction and behaviour. Harmonizing to the ethical rules houses should negociate with the society. If an Information System of a Hospital or a School got hacked, there would be immense issues in the society. As their sensitive information contain on those Information Systems. Similarly this instance may happen in a house. So when an ethical hacker gets involved in this procedure he has to maintain the trust on them if non the incrimination can be put on him by the society. So both parties get affected. The trade name image can be acquire spoilt in the society when their information s get leaked out. They will lose the trust and religion on their employer. And when the ethical hacking procedure gets leaked out there are opportunities of impacting the company s civilization. If there is a civilization there are certain values to be respected. And if this values acquire exploited by the incursion examiners issues may originate. And when they design these IS system they should esteem the values without harming it. For e.g. Pornography. Decision From the clearly structured survey, it is understood ethical hacking consideration is important to keeping a verifiable degree of information security. Even though there are tonss of issues in certain facets of Ethical hacking ; it is a critical constituent of our overall security plan which keeps the internal, contracted security. Ethical hacking is a necessity in order to protect company assets and remain near to the world of unethical hacking. It ethical hacking is really of import and helps salvage you money and repute in the long tally. Ethical Hacking is the best manner to measure the web from an foreigner s position. To cut down the addressed issues above organisations can hold their ain ethical hacking squad or hacker to forestall outside information escape and to acquire rid of the fright of that. I think ethical hacking is a must hold for any serious organisation today in this fast moving concern universe. It should be a critical portion of any proactive organisation in today s planetary competitory market.

Global Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Language - Essay Example There are various nations in the world who speak French as their professional and official language. Ability to communicate in French along with English will help an individual in accessing employment opportunities in areas where French and English is used professionally to communicate. An individual who has the ability to communicate in French along with English can gain access to the top universities throughout the world. A total of 41 universities where education is delivered in French language are amongst the top 250 universities throughout the world. One such university includes Ecole Polytechnique ParisTech University (Top Universities, 2015). Individuals who know how to communicate in French can easily gain admission in such universities. Learning French can help an individual learn about the cultures of different groups and regions. Broady states that there are more than 200 million individuals who speak French language and they are divided in five different continents (Broady, 2003, p.200). One can take advantage of having the ability to communicate in French to learn about the culture of these individuals. Two languages that can be considered as global languages includes French as well as English but one needs to learn French along with English to reap the various benefits that the French language has to offer. By learning French one can increase the number of employment opportunities they can access. An individual can gain access to top universities throughout the world by learning French and they can learn about the cultures of 200 million individuals throughout the world with this

Individual Course Assignment It is increasingly well-established in Essay

Individual Course Assignment It is increasingly well-established in the literature that mostbusiness reporting on sustainabi - Essay Example This is because if an organization fails to retain its sustainability then it may not prosper or enhance its dominancy in this competitive market among other rival players. Keeping this fact in mind, most of the organizations desire to retain its experienced and talented human resources. As they act as the prime resource of an organization (3M) thereby assisting it in the development of varied types of inventive eco-friendly products and services so as to satisfy the changing needs and requirements of the customers. By doing so, the brand image and profitability of the organization might get enhanced thereby amplifying the competitiveness and reliability in the market among others and such a strategy might also act positively thereby amplifying the chances of success and prosperity in the long run among other rivals. Thus, it might be clearly stated that sustainability is the prime criterion of an organization and it might get fulfilled by presenting environmental friendly products a nd services thereby satisfying the needs and requirements of the customers. This report is divided into five phases. ... It also specifies the importance of assurance and its standards along with conclusion and recommendations. What is sustainability? Sustainability is described as the socio-ecological procedure that helps in fulfilment of changing needs and desires of the customers. It is done by presenting eco-friendly products at a competitive price thereby retaining the eminence of the environment. It is done only to retain the quantity of the non-renewable resources of the environment so that it might be used for the future purposes as well. Along with this, development of eco-friendly products also helps in reducing the level of pollution thereby maintaining the uniqueness of the environment. Hence, it might be depicted that sustainability helps in enhancing the economic, environmental and social impacts by developing various inventive products or services to amplify customer base. Description of 3M 3M is one of the most renowned and branded American multinational conglomerate, established in the year 1902. 3M is regarded as Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, headquartered in the regions of St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S. After starting its operations in the continent of United States, very soon it expanded to the entire globe. So, it enhanced its total assets and revenues by $ 31.6 billion and $ 29.6 billion by the end of the year 2012. Along with this, the operating income also increased by $ 6.1 billion thereby amplifying its reputation and brand image in the market among other rival players. It is mainly due to the development of adhesives, laminates, passive fire protection, dental products, abrasives, electronic materials, medical products, car-care products, and wax and car shampoo. Other than this, it also presents products for the

HRM Department of British Airways (BA)

HRM Department of British Airways (BA) The following paper seeks to identify the human resource management department of the British Air ways. It shows the key HR activities of the British airways with reference to the two models of human resource. Moreover, it also evaluates and analyses the various HR planning and development programs implemented by the British airways. Finally the paper concludes by highlighting how the human resource is indicated and monitored. The report based on a case study and the majority of the information is taken from the case study. SUMMARY In 19th century British Airways is the worlds largest international airline and one of the most successful organizations in the airline business. British Airways (BA) was created by the merger between BOAC and BEA in 1974. BA was not always been quite much successful. The company was going in loss and BA had serious difficulties retaining customers in a competitive international airline industry. In 1980 BA recorded significant losses and there was not much profit to meet the running expenses of the organization. As a matter of fact British Airways delayered their bureaucratic management staffs that were mostly Air force retired officers and replaced them by managers having experience in the service industry. For the achievement of success BA launched many programmes to come out of the organisations loss which changes the culture and environment of the company. These programmes were successful and many customers were attracted towards the airline, which resulted British Airways one o f the worlds leading airline. HRM ACTIVITIES Although the British airways are seen to have implemented numerous strategies to allow human resource development the following are the three key areas where development is most significantly seen. Training and development Reward management Performance appraisal TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT British Airways has decided a significant investment in training and development that would improve the organization image of Helpfulness. On the basis of research BA found out that customer are satisfied and dissatisfied with friendly and unfriendly, caring and uncaring behavior of staff. As a result of these research findings, BA faced the task of designing and facilitating a training programme that would enable a total change in values and attitudes across the organization, particularly for staff that were exposed to customer contact. BA arranges several training and development programme for both new and old staff. These programme made much change in the behavior of the staff and due to which many customers were attracted towards this airline. British Airline recruited more staff, provide training to the new and developed the old staff for their excellent customer service. it can be clearly identifies that implementing these training programs prove to be highly essential for the organization to attain this objective of increasing the goodwill that the British airways had from the side of the customers. These programs also prove important to improve the revenue and sought to reduce the overall cost that the organization had. (Dessler, 2008) However, at the same time it is also important to note the fact that the success that British airline was not only and solely due to an increasing employee training but there were several other factors which were also important and contributed to the increasing revenue levels. One of the factors included improved legal and government conditions along with technological changes.BA has encouraged individual learning by providing wide employee access to two major learning programs. The first program is based upon principles of open learning; it can finally lead to an MBA and provides a number of progressive stages and qualifications. The completion of each stage gives access to the next qualification. The MBA awarded by the University of Bath. The second program Top Flight provides a series of Academies which are a number of development steps, designed to allow an individual to progress to an executive position. REWARD MANAGEMENT British Airline was motivating people with good remuneration package and rewards. They moving towards individually determined remuneration as well as both intrinsic and extrinsic benefits. They were giving standardized pay and also individual performance pay. The main proportion of salaried staff earnings is based upon pay rates which are governed by a job evaluation grading system. There is also a company -wide performance related bonus scheme paid to all employees and there have been offers of free and discounted shares. BA has also introduced an opportunity for all employees to purchase tax free shares through a trust using their company performance bonus. BA pays standardized salary as well as individual performance pay. They know that if employees are satisfied they will give the best effort for the company success; employees are start thinking that they are the part of company. So, it is clear that through the training Development programme and good remuneration packages staffs provide the high quality customer services and would be more committed to the company. Employees are more committed toward company for their remuneration package and rewards. And they go ahead to achieve the organization goal. PERFORMANCE APPARASIAL Performance appraisal measures the qualitative and quantitative aspects of job performance. An appraisal evaluates not only the employees performance but also his potential for development. The primary objectives of an appraisal are to assess past performance, to identify training needs, to set and agree on future objectives and standards, and to facilitate the achievement of these goals. Individual employee development is a part of a broader concern that BA has developed for the individual employee .As a part of the overall concern with organization culture, BAs philosophy has focused much more attention upon individual performance and this has led to the induction of a companywide -appraisal scheme. The main purpose of this scheme was to improve the relationship between reward and performance and this has reflected in a linked element of performance related pay. British airway has introduced performance related payments. Thus the more efficiently each of the employees works, the more likely it is for the organization to pay the individual worker a certain amount of payments. Moreover, there have been numerous and increasing companywide appraisal schemes introduced by the organization. Thus the harder and more the employee works, the more likely is it for the employee to earn a greater reward in the organization. Moreover, the amount of employees receiving remunerations on an individual basis is increasing at a radical rate at the organization. For instance the administrative staff at the British airways has also started being paid on the basis of their performance. (Armstrong, 2007) HRM MODELS MACTHING MODEL HARVARD MODEL MATCHING MODEL This model states that the HR systems and the organisation structure should be managed in such a way that is similar with the organisational strategy. This is the hard HRM which is interested only in making money or profit. It focussed on individual and organisational performance and concentrates on managing human assets to achieve strategic goals. It explained that there is human resource cycle that consists of generic processes like organisational structure, mission and strategy, human resource management, selection, performance, appraisal, rewards and development. It is based upon strategic control, organisational structure systems for managing people. It requires that human resource strategies have a tight fit to overall of the business. Mission and strategy Economic forces Cultural forces Organizational structure Human resource management MISSION AND STRATEGY: Mission means the specific target that the company wants to reach and strategy is the way through the company can reach their target. The mission of British Airways is to be the best and most successful airline in the world and the strategy is by providing high quality of customer service through resource planning which could not be easily duplicated. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE: This means all the required things that needed to achieve the target. BA launched some programmes for their staff like putting people first, customer first campaign, managing people first, etc. They gave more powers to the line managers to take quick decisions and also break down bureaucracy. They also provide some learning programmes like MBA and series of academies for their staff. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: This is related to the recruitment of new staff. BA replaced some managers which were Air Force retired persons with the staff with analytical skills or the intellectual capacity rather than management experience in the service industries. HARVARD MODEL This model was developed by Beer et al in 1984. This is the soft model which aims at enhancing the commitment, quality and flexibility of employees. Soft model is also known as high commitment management. Here more responsibilities are given to the line managers for ensuring the alignment of competitive strategy and HR policies. This model is based upon individual influence, work systems, rewards and human resource flow; and concentrate upon outcomes for people. Its main components are work system, human resources flow, rewards, stakeholder interests, situational factors, HRM policies choices, HR outcomes, long term consequences. Stakeholder interests Shareholders Management Employee groups Government community unions HRM policy choices Employee influence Human resource flow Reward system Work system HR outcomes Commitment Competence cost-effectiveness Long-term consequences Individual well-being Organizational effectiveness Societal well-being Situational factors Workforce characteristics Business strategy and conditions Management philosophy Labor market Unions Task technology laws and societal values In Harvard model, extra powers and authorities are given to the line managers to fulfill organisations objective. This incorporate recruitment, selection, development and redundancy for the people in the organisation. Managers have to ensure putting right employee at right place and in right time. To motivate productivity, Harvard Model suggested some rewards system to the employees, which include pay, bonus, free and discounted share, holidays, health insurance, empowerment, etc. This model includes long term consequences which refer to individual well beings. These incorporate individual interest, organisational competencies, and the need of the society and community as a whole. In this model, stakeholders are those persons who have interest or shares in the organisation. Situational factor includes workforce, labour markets, union representation, laws, business environment, technology and work system; these issues lead to the HRM policy choices of employee influence. Work system r efers to the efficiency and productivity of work force to meet the organisational goal. For work to be done effectively, efficient communication channels and correct technology are needed. For this purpose, British Airways gave more powers and authorities to the line managers, so that there should not be any kind of delay and they can take quick decisions. HR Planning and Development Methods Firstly British Airline tends to recruit on the basis of analytical skill and intellectual capacity rather than management experience in a service industry. They are always tried to ensure that staff would provide a consistent high quality service to customers an achieving efficient flight operations. Many managers had also joined the company from Royal Air Force. They recruit the perfect person and place them on exact position. Secondly, British Airline setup several training programs for both new and old staff. Such as Customer First Campaign to meet the customer needs. Putting People First which was two day programme aimed at almost 20000 staff that had significant customer contact. This program was designed to persuade participants to examine their own existing values towards their passengers and where necessary to replace them with more helpful and supportive ones. Managing People first a one week residential training course. The programme was specifically designed to breakdown the bureaucracy. The bureaucracy had developed underlying values of order, rationality, dependability and system control. Finally British Airline pays good remuneration to employees and also gives both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. They plan to motivate people as well as make their assets. BA offers free and discounted shares. BA has also introduced a novel scheme which gives an opportunity for all employees to purchase tax-free shares through a trust using their company performance bonus. BA has encouraged individual learning by providing wide employee access to two major learning programs. The first program is based upon principles of open learning; it can finally lead to an MBA and provides a number of progressive stages and qualifications. The completion of each stage gives access to the next qualification. The MBA awarded by the University of Bath. The second program Top Flight provides a series of Academies which are a number of development steps, designed to allow an individual to progress to an executive position. Evaluation: British Airlines corporative objective is To be the best and most successful airline in the world. So to achieve this objective it makes huge investment on human resources. It recruits highly skill and intellectual people. BA replaces them with more helpful and supportive ones. It provides training on the basis of different skills. It developed employees as more customer friendly, knowledgeable and efficient. They form trade union for welfare or participation of line staff on strategic plan of the company. BA pays standardized salary as well as individual performance pay. They know that if employees are satisfied they will give the best effort for the company success; employees are start thinking that they are the part of company. So, it is clear that through the training Development programme and good remuneration packages staffs provide the high quality customer services and would be more committed to the company. And they go ahead to achieve the organization goal. HR Performances of British Airways In seventies BA performances were disappointing, When BA had serious difficulties retaining customer in competitive international airline industry. In 1980 BA recorded significant losses. Before 1990 BA found negative attitude from passengers in a research. Customers were dissatisfied with customer BAs customer services. For this reason BA redesign and restructure its Human Resources. BA makes huge investment on HR planning and HR performances. It setup many training and development program for line staffs and managers. It is hard to say how much impact the programme has had; it is commonly understood in training circles it is difficult to measure the value of training. However, British Airline believes that this programme has been successful, that a significant cultural change has been achieved at all levels of the organization, and that this cultural change has made a significant contribution to the steady improvement in the business performance. An extensive market research shown that customer have developed more positive attitudes towards service that they now receive as compared with the predominance of negative attitudes that were recorded in similar surveys conducted earlier in the 1990s. These satisfied customers must have an important factor in supporting BAs performance improve improvement. So its easily identified that with this HR planning and development, BA increases their HR performance that lead to the improvement of the organizations performance. On the other hand BA employees now more happy with remuneration and rewards. They are getting opportunities to learn through different training and qualification of MBA degree awarded by the University of Bath after competition of management training. They are getting basic pay as well as individual performance pay and scheme that benefited them more than the before. Through the trade union employees can participate on organization strategic decision. They can raise their voice against any critical issue of the company. That makes the employees happier. Employee turnover are less now than before .Employees are satisfied with their job description, responsibilities and working environment. Employees absenteeism is reduced significantly. They are now highly committed to the company success. Ways to improve HR performances It is very difficult to suggest BA. Because they are the worlds largest passenger airlines company in the world and they have many intellectual people for hunting innovation idea and planning every moment. In spite of this practical situation some ways of improvement are described below: British airlines significant development is that they made a small HR strategy and planning department with some specialist people in the UK. It can be suggesting that if they integrated more people with this department and also spread not only in Europe, but also other continents where they are earning more. As a result same cultural people will provide customer service to their own customers. They can easily share their feeling and fulfill the needs of customer. Employee would be happy to serve same people as like they are. British airline can run different talent hunt programme for recruit their best fitted people. They can go to the college and university and pick up the best student; those are very keen to learn and have creative ideas for the future excellent service both customer service and flight operation. BA can launch more training and development programme after certain time to compete with the competitors and updated technological knowledge. They have to push their employee towards extrinsic rewards to see happier. CONCLUSION Thus as highlighted by this paper, the British airways successfully manages the human resources department by an increasing amount of planning and organization. They also launched some learning programmes for the employees to do MBA and to reach at executive position. They mainly concentrated upon the improvement of delivering good customer service so that they can attract more customers and gain more profit; with this they want to become the worlds most successful airline. At the end, I can say that it is crucial to use both soft and hard HRM in order to meet the organisational business requirement and to remain worlds most successful airline.

How cultural beliefs and social forces are shaping the use of technology Essay

David Wigder, who has significant experience as an Environmental Engineer (2007) wrote that marketers have historically faced an uphill battle when it comes to marketing eco-friendly goods. Simply put, it is difficult to influence consumer purchase behavior without first impacting attitudes and values. These values, however, take a concerted effort over a long period of time to change. As a result, corporate marketers tend to stay clear of awareness and education communications, preferring to target consumers lower in the purchase-funnel who are already predisposed to green messaging. The reason for this is self-evident: when it comes to green, acquisition campaigns have higher and more immediate financial returns than awareness campaigns (Wigder, 2007). Yet, for marketers, the opportunity exists to influence environmentally friendly behavior without necessarily shifting attitudes. This effect has been subject of academic investigation including a study conducted by Professors John Thogersen and Folke Olander of the Aarhus School of Business (Denmark) examining the relationship between â€Å"value priorities† and â€Å"environmentally-friendly consumer behavior. † (Wigder, 2007) As part of this study, Thogersen and Olander examined the impact of recycling on the values and behaviors of Danish consumers over the course of one year. (â€Å"Human Values and the Emergence of a Sustainable Consumption Pattern: A Panel Study,† Journal of Economic Psychology, 2002). The results of such investigation reveal several key findings that green marketers should consider: †¢ First, the study reconfirmed that values drive behavior (while the converse relationship was not found to be statistically significant). While not surprising, this result confirms that marketers face an uphill battle if they are to influence environmentally friendly behavior without first addressing values. †¢ Second, the study found that values are very stable and are difficult to impact in the â€Å"short and medium term. † †¢ Finally, behavior change, the authors concluded, is hindered not only by values but by â€Å"behavioral inertia, created by forces [such as established habits] that are independent of – or at least not related in a simple way to – values†. (Dobson, 2007) Yet significantly for marketers, the study also suggests that for those that already hold environmentally friendly values, environmentally friendly behavior can evolve over time if consumers are provided the opportunity to engage in this behavior. Thogersen and Olander concluded that â€Å"when new opportunities for environmentally-friendly behaviour are offered, consumers holding ‘environmentally-friendly values’ adjust their behaviour to be more consistent with their values. † This finding implies that consumers who hold green values will demonstrate greener behavior if presented with relevant products or services (Wigder, 2007). Andrew Dobson wrote in an article called The Politics of Global Warming (2007), that in his review of the idea and practice of sustainable consumption, Tim Jackson points out that â€Å"the rhetoric of ‘consumer sovereignty’ and ‘hands-off’ governance is inaccurate and unhelpful† (see â€Å"Motivating Sustainable Consumption,† SDRN: Briefing 1). This is because consumption decisions take place within a cultural and institutional context which constitute the rules of the game, and which part determine the consumer decisions that people make. So when the iPod mini comes along hard on the heels of the only marginally larger original iPod, the social and economic context is geared to getting consumers to buy it (Dobson, 2007). In this context, as Jackson went on, â€Å"policies based on information and price signals have had only limited success in changing unsustainable behaviors†. Yet these are exactly the policies the government seems determined to pursue – policies that, moreover, contribute to reproducing the pro-individual context that is part cause of our environmental problems. â€Å"The dominant cultural model in 21st-century society is individualist†, wrote Tim Jackson. â€Å"But this is only one form of social organization and there is evidence to suggest that it may not be sufficient to address the social complexity of pro-environmental behavioral change. † But, policy-makers will say, policies based on price signals work with the grain of self-interest and are therefore realistic rather than aspirational as far as models of human motivation are concerned. Wrong. There is a growing body of social-science evidence to suggest that the self-interest model is actually a poor predictor of environmental attitudes and behavior (Dobson, 2007). For instance, in their survey of 4,000 individuals in four separate counties in Sweden, Simon Matti and Christer Berglund conclude that as far as pro-environment behavior is concerned, â€Å"people are guided by other motives and values than the traditional economic rationality of the consumer †¦ they feel a moral obligation to sort waste in order to contribute to a better environment† (see â€Å"Citizen and consumer: the dual role of individuals in environmental policy†, Environmental Policies, 15/4, 2006). More striking still, their research strongly suggests that policies designed to appeal to the individual as consumer rather than as citizen â€Å"crowd out†, or reduce, â€Å"the sense of moral obligation† in favor of pro-environmental activity. Once again, the preferred form of government policy both reinforces the frames of mind and conduct that contribute to environmental unsustainability and simultaneously undermines the habits and practices that inform much pro-environmental behavior. This double-whammy is a serious obstacle to dealing with climate change – and indeed with any other problem which requires pro-social responses (Dobson, 2007). The fact that these results were garnered in Sweden may itself be significant. This is because a further piece of social-science research suggests that collectivist, social-welfare societies are a better incubator of pro-environmental behavior than individualist ones where welfare is looked on with suspicion. â€Å"Those who place a high value on the welfare of others and on a collective approach to solving social problems are more likely to be willing to support environmental policies than those who do not†, writes finds Sharon Witherspoon (see â€Å"Democracy, the environment and public opinion in Europe†, in W Lafferty & J Meadowcroft, eds. , Democracy and the Environment: problems and prospects (Edward Elgar, 1996). All of this suggests that addressing climate change is both more difficult and easier than the executive summaries swirling across the desks of government ministers and newspaper front-pages portray. It is more difficult, because the drivers of unsustainable attitudes and behavior are deeper and more structural than supporters of liberal capitalism can afford to believe. Yet it is also easier, because resistance to those drivers is expressed on a daily basis by the actions of tens of millions of citizens around the world as they strive to do the right thing, not for any gain for themselves or fear of fiscal punishment, but because it’s the right thing to do (Dobson, 2007). Governments assume that people don’t behave like that, and design policy accordingly. Social-science research suggests two things: first, that people do behave like this, and second, that government policy which fails to understand as much will not only be ineffective but – in a move that converts tragedy into farce – will undermine the very motivations for the behavior which it should be encouraging. Conclusion (A Vision for the Future) By the end of the next decade, as surmised by David Friedman of the Union of Concerned Scientists, most passenger cars and trucks in the United States could be full of hybrid electric vehicles. But, it is also clear that this all-new GREEN lifestyle that people are promoting depends a lot on cultural beliefs or tenets (as shown above). Yes, buying habits are changing, public transportation may all become hybrids, the car industry might abandon gasoline engines forever, etc. but hybrid technology, lifestyle changes, and living â€Å"green† cannot provide the precise politics that global change needs. It’s reasonable to assert that sound social science is part of the whole puzzle. R E F E R E N C E S 1. Hybrid Cars. (2006). TechFaq. Retrieved April 16, 2007, from http:// www. tech faq. com/hybrid-cars. shtml 2. Donaldson-Evans, C. (2006, July 10). Gas-electric hybrids just keep going and going. Retrieved April 16, 2007 from http://www. foxnews. com/story/0,2933,202414,00. html 3. Wigder, D. (2007, March 31). How many green marketers does it take to change a light bulb? Retrieved April 16, 2007 from http://marketinggreen. wordpress. com/tag/consumer-behaviors-and-beliefs/ 4. Dobson, A. (2007, March 29). A politics of global warming: the social-science resource. Retrieved April 16, 2007 from http://www. opendemocracy. net/globalization-climate_change_debate/politics_4486. jsp 5. Friedman, D. (2003). A New Road: the Technology and Potential of Hybrid Vehicles. Massachusetts: UCS Publications. 6. Thogersen, J. and Olander, Folke. (2002). Human Values and the Emergence of a Sustainable Consumption Pattern: A Panel Study. Journal of Economic Psychology, 23 (5), 605-630.

How Poverty in Zimbabwe Has Changed over Time? Essay

Poverty can be understood as the inability to meet a variety of basic needs and entitlements, through a lack of income, access to resources or empowerment. Poverty at a national scale is complex and is caused by an array of factors including many generated within the country but also others that are caused by external factors (figure 1). I will examine the internal and external causes of poverty in the landlocked Southern Africa state of Zimbabwe (figure 3). In the last century Zimbabwe has experienced massive economic and social change. Once Africa’s 2nd biggest economy, it is now ranked 15th(figure 3). Overall Zimbabwe ranks 173rd in the world in terms of HDI (Human Development Index), 153rd in the world for GDP and ranked 5th in the world for the lowest life expectancy[1], indicating significant poverty especially when compared to the relative developmental success of other southern Africa states (figure 5). When considering levels of development, countries can be placed on Rostow Stages of Economic Development[2], the majority of countries move up the stages from experiencing economic growth. However Zimbabwe has slipped back down the Stages of Development; early 1970 it was experiencing ‘take off’ & ‘acceleration’ however in recent years it is now at ‘pre-development’ (see figure 4), a ‘step back’ in economic growth development. An external cause of poverty in Zimbabwe is the geographic position. They are a landlocked country; they have no access to the seas for trading, limited border crossings and they are dependent on other countries for trade (figure 6). This leads to huge transport costs and inadequate infrastructure, on average a country which is landlocked experiences 60% less volume of trade plus it limits their economic growth and this external factor is a major cause of poverty[4]. Also, Zimbabwe has experienced severe drought in the past few years, it only has 8.32%[5] arable land and climate change is threatening to lessen their available land further. Arguably, these effects are already being observed in regions of Zimbabwe as the physical climate of the country has changed largely over the last three decades with the worst drought being experienced in 1991. However in recent years failure of the 2004-2008 rains reduced crop production by an estimated 95%, this has impacted heavily on Zimbabwe’s productivity, reducing both commercial trade to earn income and subsistence poverty. In years of severe drought the GDP growth was negative indicating a shrinking economy (figure 8), such unreliability of production limits their growth (figure 5). The unreliability of their economy stems from the external factors which also lead to national scale poverty through a lack of income, and an inability to meet basic food security needs which Maslow includes at the very base of his Hierarchy Of Needs (appendix 2), therefore pushing huge sections of society into poverty. Despite this geographical and climate disadvantage, I feel that poverty in Zimbabwe was serverly exacerbated as a result of political policy, this internal factor has had greater effect on the extent and depth of poverty experienced. In 2000 Robert Mugabe seized thousands of white-owned farms in an ongoing and violent campaign to reclaim what they say was stolen by settlers[6]. The land reform had a massive impact on Zimbabwe’s food production; in 2005 they were ranked 177th out of 182 compared to South Africa (Zimbabwe neighbouring country) who are 82nd (figure 3). This portrays a massive problem as South Africa share the same climate and land features but are completely in the opposite spectrum in terms of food production. The land reform in 2000 led to the breaking up of farms, two thirds of the farms were given to ordinary people on low-incomes. The remaining one-third included civil servants (16.5%), former workers on white-owned farms (6.7%), business people (4.8%) and members of the security services (3.7%)[7] (figure 6). Arguably, these effects have been caused due to the loss of the commercial white farmers, they knew how to produce high yields along with the high quality and most importantly they knew how to add value to their goods. I believe the impact of the land reforms is evident in the food crisis 2007-08 due to the land seizures, in some areas crop production reduced by 95%. Not only did Zimbabwe lose a large section of its agriculture sector, it diminished its community cohesion and provision of services throughout communities across the country (appendix 1). It lost its community support network and witnessed a mass exodus of its economically active society, causing intellectuals to le ave the country causing brain a drain and further undermining income earning potential. The land reform campaign in 2000 was also thought to have contributed to the AIDS epidemic; over 33% of the population are HIV positive (3rd largest in the world). As farming communities were disrupted, the economy deteriorated and many doctors left the country causing reduced access to healthcare. Many farmers were forced to move to different areas and in some cases families were separated, this resulted in sexual networks developing and an increase in the risk of HIV transmission. In 2009 the HIV prevalence in adults aged 15-49 was 14.3% causing the most economically active age group to have limited income earning opportunity as illness made work more difficult to continue causing income poverty (appendix 1).This is compared to South Africa where 15-49 prevalence was only 7% in 2009. Foreign companies are also reticent to invest in a country with such an unreliable workforce, again causing GDP limitations and national level poverty. But internally controlled land reforms would never have been needed but for the external factor of the apartheid regime established by Ian Smith who was president of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) from 1964. Britain who had colonised parts of central Africa, wanted to keep hold of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) because it was known as the bread basket of Africa, they believed it had great potential[8]. However Ian Smith declared independence under white minority rule, sparking international outrage and economic sanctions. Additionally he completely radicalised the farming community when he introduced apartheid. He evicted the numerous black farmers and put the fewer white famers in control of the huge hectares of land because they were commercial farmers and knew how to produce high quality and high yields[9]. This led to a division between poor blacks and wealthy white people causing inequality and an increase in relative poverty. This eventually led to civil war and resulting in Ian Smith being over thrown by the British Government in 1979; Robert Mugabe was elected as the new prime minster in 1980. His chaotic attempt to eradicate the apartheid regime ultimately ended up in a land redistribution campaign, which began in 2000 and caused an exodus of white farmers, crippled the economy, and ushered in widespread shortages of basic commodities. The economy of the Zimbabwe shrunk by 154.4 (figure 8). Although it could be argued that this is an internal factor as governance is part of the domestic jurisdiction of the country meaning that changes and alterations to policy and leadership should be internally controlled, in the case of Zimbabwe, these factors cannot be separated. Governance in Zimbabwe was controlled externally via colonial rule, and even after the decline of colonialism, for a significant period, the leader of Zimbabwe was externally decided and was the case of the appointment of Mugabe. It is undeniable that the internal governance of the country under Mugabe has been of paramount importance with regard to affecting poverty in Zimbabwe on a national scale such as failure to act despite everything going wrong, for denial of HIV, and ignoring of land reforms impacts on productivity, lack of free speech so intellectuals leave causing brain drain. His reign can be summarised as; life expectancy in fell from 62 years in 1990 to 36 in 2006[10]. He has been accused of policy myopia many times. From all the information and statistics described in this report it can be concluded that internal factors have had the most devastating effect on Zimbabwe as a whole, such as the land reforms which led to a spiral of decline for the country, especially as it could have been avoided. The devastation of the land reforms is still being felt in certain parts of Zimbabwe today; the loss of intellectual people will be the hardest to recover from for Zimbabwe. They are the group of people what will promote economic growth and re-stabilise the economy. They attract investment from Trans National Companies for their knowledge and their enterprise; they act as a multiplier effect for an economy. However this will take generations to re build. External factors of poverty such as their geographic location and climate have had impacts such as restricting them in trade and production. But comparison with neighbouring countries such as South Africa indicates they significantly outperform Zimbabwe. This leads us to believe internal factors have had a great impact on causing poverty in Zimbabwe (figure 4). However, as has been shown it is impossible to separate internal and external factors completely as they feed into one another. A challenging collection of external factors such as climate, location and in particular colonial legacy under Ian Smith, created a situation where poverty was a real danger. However post-colonial, strong and positive governance could have reduced poverty. Unfortunately in Zimbabwe, Mugabe’s regime exacerbated the poverty situation. Once in poverty, you’re in a vicious cycle of decline (poverty trap[11]). The poverty you’re in prevents you from getting out, it counteracts you from taking positive actions[12]. As a result of high unemployment figures and a spiral of decline for the economy, those who had been educated left the country in hope for a prosperous future. This can be referred to as the ‘brain drain’[13]. ———————– [1] Zimbabwe facts https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html [2] http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0097893.html [3] http://hdrstats.undp.org/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_NAM.html [4] http://www.palgrave-journals.com/ces/journal/v45/n4/full/8100031a.html [5] http://www.wordtravels.com/Travelguide/Countries/Zimbabwe/Climate [6] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14113618 [7] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11764004 [8] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14113618 [9] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15919538 [10] http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/23/opinion/23iht-edmugabe.1.19632133.html [11] http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/poverty/measuring_poverty.htm [12] http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/BPEAEndingAfricasPovertyTrapFINAL.pdf [13] http://www.globalissues.org/article/599/brain-drain-of-workers-from-poor-to-rich-countries